Студопедия
Случайная страница | ТОМ-1 | ТОМ-2 | ТОМ-3
АвтомобилиАстрономияБиологияГеографияДом и садДругие языкиДругоеИнформатика
ИсторияКультураЛитератураЛогикаМатематикаМедицинаМеталлургияМеханика
ОбразованиеОхрана трудаПедагогикаПолитикаПравоПсихологияРелигияРиторика
СоциологияСпортСтроительствоТехнологияТуризмФизикаФилософияФинансы
ХимияЧерчениеЭкологияЭкономикаЭлектроника

Conclusions

Developing a sociological theory of NPOs is difficult not just because these sectors are internally diverse, but because the nonprofit label is culturally loaded, often evoking ideological reactions. Some critics view NPOs as instruments of capital; others scorn them for evading the laws of the marketplace. For the most part, however, sociology remains a liberal discipline, and the NPS is often seen as the locus of values-voluntarism, pluralism, altruism, participation - that liberals hold dear. If academics are the prototype of the "new class," NPOs (including the universities in which they work) are prototypical new class institutions. No wonder many scholars have been too quick to apply complimentary but misleading adjectives ("voluntary," "independent," "private") to this complex and heterogeneous region of the organizational universe (Alexander 1987).

We hope the reader will take three lessons from this review, each of which militates away from broad generalization:

1. The origins and behavior of NPOs reflect not just incentive structures and utility functions, which economists emphasize, but also institutional structures and state policies.

2. Research on NPOs can profit from an ecological approach, both conceptually (viewing differences among forms as reflecting the division of labor among them) and methodologically.

3. Modern NPSs are constituted as adjuncts to, or in opposition to, states; "nonprofitness" has little consistent transnational or trans-historical meaning.

Many resources are available: Balkanized literatures on specific industries and organizational data sets with neglected measures of legal form are two of the most important. Although we are skeptical about the plausibility of any general "theory of nonprofit organizations," we are optimistic about sociology's potential for developing a more sophisticated and more empirically informed understanding of the origins and behavior of NPOs.

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the support of Yale's Program on Non-Profit Organizations for related research, and helpful comments from Chip Clarke, Dick Scott, and two anonymous reviewers. Presentations on which this review is based in part received useful comment and criticism in seminars at Yale's Institution for Social and Policy Studies/Program on Non-Profit Organizations, Independent Sector's Research Forums, the Indiana University Center on Philanthropy, and Princeton University conferences organized by Robert Wuthnow and supported by the Lilly Endowment.

Literature Cited

Aldrich, H., Staber, U., Zimmer, C, Beggs, J. 1989. Minimalism and mortality: Patterns of disbandings among American trade associations in the 20th century. Ms. Univ. N. Carolina.

Alexander, J. A., Amburgey, T. L. 1987. The dynamics of change in the American hospital industry: Transformation or selection? Med. Care Rev. 44:279-321.

Alexander, J. С 1987. The social requisites for altruism and voluntarism: Some notes on what makes a sector independent. Sociol. Theory 5:165-71.

Alford, R. R. 1975. Health Care Politics: Ideological and Interest-Group Barriers to Reform. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press.

Altheide, D. L. 1988. Mediating cutbacks in human services: A case study in the negotiated order. Sociol. Q. 29:339-55.

Anheier, H. K. 1987. Indigenous voluntary associations, nonprofits and development in Africa. See Powell 1987, pp. 416-33.

Anheier, H. K. 1988. The third sector in West Germany. Pres. Symp. on Religion and the Independent Sector. Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ.

Anheier, H. K. 1990. Themes in international research on the nonprofit sector. The Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Q. 19: Forthcoming.

Anheier, H. K., Seibel, W., eds. 1990. The Third Sector: Comparative Studies of Nonprofit Organizations. New York: DeGruyter Archambault, E. 1990. Decentralization and the nonprofit sector in France. In The Third Sector: Comparative Studies of Nonprofit Organizations, ed. H. K. Anheier, W. Seibel. New York: DeGruyter.

Amove, R. S. ed. 1980. Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism: Foundations at Home and Abroad. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press.

Bauer, R. 1987. Intermediate Hilfesysteme personenbezogener Dienstleistungen in zehn Landern. In Verbandliche Wohlfahr-tspflege im internationalen Vergleich, ed. R. Bauer, A. Thranhardt, pp. 9-30. Op-laden: Westdeutscher Verlag.

Ben-Ner, A. 1986. Non-Profit Organizations: Why do they exist in market economies? In The Economics of Nonprofit Institutions: Studies in Structure and Policy, ed. S. Rose-Ackerman, pp. 94-113. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.

Ben-Ner, A., Van Hoomissen, T. 1989. The relative size of the nonprofit sector in thе mixed economy: Theory and estimation. Ms. Univ. Minn., Minneapolis.

Billiet, J. 1984. On Belgian pillerization: Changing patterns. Acta Politica 19:117-28.

Blau, J. 1989. The disjunctive history of U.S. museums, 1869-1959. Ms. Univ., N. Carolina, Chapel Hill.

Blau, P. M. 1977. Inequality and Heterogene­ity: A Primitive Theory of Social Structure. New York: Free.

Borjas, G. J., Freeh, H., Ginsburg, P. B. 1983. Property rights and wages: The case of nursing homes. J. Human Res. 17:231-46.

Bozeman, B. 1987. All Organizations are Public: Bridging Public and Private Organization Theory. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Brint, S. 1987. The occupational class identifications of professionals: Evidence from cluster analysis. Res. Soc. Strat. Mobility 6:35-57.

Chambers, J. G. 1984. Patterns of compensa­tion of public and private school teachers. Stanford Univ., Proj. Rep. No. 84-A18, Inst. Res. Educ. Finance Govern.

Coleman, J., Kilgore, S., Hoffer, T. 1982. High School Achievement: Public, Catholic and Private Schools Compared. New York: Basic.

Collins, R. 1987. The independent sector: Altruism and culture as social products. Pres. Conf. on the Sociol. of Independent Sector, Princeton Univ. NJ

Cookson, P., Persell, С. Н. 1985. Preparing for Power: America's Elite Boarding Schools. New York: Basic.

Daniels, A. K. 1988. Invisible Careers: Women Civic Leaders from the Volunteer World. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press.

DiMaggio, P. J. 1987. Nonprofit organiza­tions in the production and distribution of culture. See Powell 1987, pp. 195-220

DiMaggio, P. J. 1991. Social structure, institutions and cultural goods: The case of the U.S. In Social Theory and Emerging Issues in a Changing Society, ed. J. Coleman, P. Bourdieu. Forthcoming.

DiMaggio, P. J., Powell, W. W. 1983. The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. Am. Sociol. Rev. 82:147-60.

DiMaggio, P. J., Romo, F. P. 1984. The determinants of humanities educational programming in U.S. art and history museums. Rep. Natl. Endowment for the Humanities, Off. Planning Policy Assess.

Douglas, J. 1983. Why Charity? The Case for the Third Sector. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Douglas, J. 1987. Political theories of nonprofit organization. See Powell 1987, pp. 43-54.

Hannan, M., J. Freeman. 1989. Organizational Ecology. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.

Hansmann, H. 1980. The role of nonprofit enterprise. Yale Law J. 89:835-901.

Hansmann, H. 1981. Nonprofit enterprise in the performing arts. Bell J. Econ. 12:341 - 61.

Hansmann, H. 1985. The effect of tax exemp­tion and other factors on competition between nonprofit and for-profit enterprise. Yale Prog, on Non-Profit Organ. Work. Pap. No. 65.

Hansmann, H. 1986. Status organizations. J. Law, Econ., Organ. 2:119-30.

Hansmann, H. 1987. Economic theories of nonprofit organization. See Powell 1987, pp. 27-42.

Hansmann, H. 1989. The economics and ethics of markets for human organs. J. Health Policy, Politics Law. Forthcoming.

Heinze, R., Oik, T. 1981. Die Wohlfahrtsver-bande im System sozialer Dienst-leistungspoduktion: Zur Entstehung und Struktur der bundesrepublikanischen Ver-bandewohlfahrt. Kolner Zeitschr. fur Soziol Sozialpsychol. 33:94-114.

Hodgkinson, V., Weitzman, M. 1986. Dimensions of the Independent Sector. Washington: Ind. Sector.

Hollingsworth, R., Hollingsworth, M. E. 1987. Controversy about American Hospitals: Funding, Ownership and Performance. Washington: Am. Enterprise Inst.

Hood, C, Schuppert G., eds. 1988. Delivering Public Services in Western Europe: Sharing Western European Experience of Para-Government Organization. London: Sage.

Hunter, A. 1981. The neighborhood movement as communal class politics. Ms. Northwestern Univ.

James, E. 1987a. The public/private division of responsibility for education: An international comparison. Econ. Educ. Rev. 6:1-14.

James, E. 1987b. The nonprofit sector in comparative perspective. See Powell 1987, pp. 397-415.

Majone, G. 1984. Professionalism and nonprofit organizations. J. Health Policy, Politics and Law 8:639-59.

Marmor, T. R., Schlesinger, M., Smithey, R. 1987. Nonprofit organizations and health care. See Powell 1987, pp. 221-39.

Marrett, C.B. 1980. Influences on the rise of new organizations: The formation of women's medical societies. Admin. Sci. Q. 25:185-99.

Marschall, M. 1990. The nonprofit sector in a centrally planned economy. In The Third Sector: Comparative Studies of Nonprofit Organizations, ed. H. K. Anheier, W. Seibel. New York: DeGruyter.

McCarthy, K. 1982. Noblesse Oblige: Charity and Cultural Philanthropy in Chicago, 1849-1929. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press.

McPherson, J. M. 1983. An ecology of affiliation. Am. Sociol. R. 48:519-32.

Meyer, J. W. 1987. The independent sector: Tocquevillian centralization. Pres. Symp. on Sociol. Ind. Sector. Princeton Univ., NJ.

Meyer, J. W., Scott, W. R. 1983. Organizational Environments: Ritual and Rationality. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Middleton, M. 1987. Nonprofit boards of directors: Beyond the governance function. In The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook, ed. W. W. Powell, pp. 141-53. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.

Milofsky, C. 1987. Neighborhood based organizations: A market analogy. See Powell 1987, pp. 277-95.

Minkoff, D. 1988. From service provision to institutional advocacy: The shifting legitimacy of organizational forms, 1955-78. Pres. at 1989 Annu. Meet. Am. Sociol. Assoc.

Murnane, R. J. 1986. Comparisons of private and public schools: The critical role of regulations. In Private Education: Studies in Choice and Public Policy, ed. D. Levy, pp. 138-52. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.

Offe, C. 1985. Disorganized Capitalism. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Olson, M. 1982. The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.

Ostrander, S. A. 1984. Women of the Upper Class. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press.

Ostrander, S. A. 1987. Elite domination in private social agencies: How it happens and how it is challenged. In Power Elites and Organizations, ed. G. W. Domhoff, T. R. Dye, pp. 85-102. Newbury Park: Sage.

Pauly, M. P., Redisch, M. R. 1973. The not for-profit hospital as a physician's cooperative. Am. Econ. Rev. 63:87-99.

Perrow, C. 1963. Goals and power structures: A historical case study. In The Hospital in Modern Society, ed. E. Friedson, pp. 112 - 46. New York: Macmillan.

Peterson, R. A. 1986. From impressario to arts administrator: Formal accountability in nonprofit cultural organizations. In Nonprofit Enterprise in the Arts: Studies in Mission and Constraint, ed. P. J. DiMaggio, pp. 161-83. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.

Pfeffer, J., Davis-Blake, A. 1987. Determinants of salary inequality in organizations. Ms. Stanford Univ., Calif.

Pfeffer, J., Langton, N. 1988. Wage inequality and the organization of work: The case of academic departments. Admin. Sci. Q. 33:588-606.

Polivy, D. K. 1982. A study of the admissions policies and practices of eight local United Way organizations. Yale Program on Nonprofit Organ. Work. Pap. No. 62 New Haven.

Powell, W. W. 1985. Getting into Print: The Decision-Making Process in Scholarly Publishing. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.

Powell, W. W. ed. 1987. The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.

Powell, W. W., Friedkin, R. J. 1987. Organizational change in nonprofit organizations. See Powell 1987, pp. 180-94.

Preston, A. 1985. Women in the white collar non-profit sector: The best option or the only option? Yale Prog. Non-Profit Organ. Work. Pap. No. 101.

Preston, A. 1988. The effects of property rights on labor costs of nonprofit firms: An application to the day care industry. J. Industrial Econ. 36:337-50.

Provan, К. С 1980. Board power and organizational effectiveness among human service agencies. Acad. Manage. J. 23:221-36.

Rosas, A. 1984. Notes on the legal status of national Red Cross Societies. In Studies and Essays on International Humanitarian Law and Red Cross Principles, ed. C. Swinar-ski, pp. 954-73. Geneva: Nijhoff.

Rose-Ackerman, S., ed. 1986. The Economics of Nonprofit Institutions: Studies in Structure and Policy. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.

Rothschild-Whitt, J. The collectivist organization. Am. Sociol. R. 44:509-28.

Salamon, L. M. 1981. Rethinking public management: Third-party government and the changing forms of public action. Public Policy 29:255-75.

Salamon, L. M. 1987. Partners in public service: The scope and theory of goernment-nonprofit relations. See Powell 1987, pp. 99-117.

Salamon, L. M., Abrahamson, A. J. 1982. The Federal Budget and the Nonprofit Sector. Washington: Urban Inst. Press.

Scott, W. R., Meyer, J. W. 1990. The organization of societal sectors: Propositions and early evidence. In The New Institutionalism in Organization Theory, ed. W. W. Powell and P. J. DiMaggio. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press. Forthcoming.

Seeley, J. R., Junker, B. R., James, R. W. 1957. Community Chest. Toronto: Univ. Toronto Press.

Seibel, W. 1989. The function of mellow weakness: Nonprofit organizations as problem nonsolvers in Germany. In The Nonprofit Sector in International Perspective: Studies in Comparative Culture and Policy, ed. E. James., p. 177-92. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.

Sills, D. L. 1957. The Volunteers: Means and Ends in a National Organization. Glencoe: Free.

Simon, J. G. 1978. Charity and dynasty under the federal tax system. Probate Lawyer 5:1-92.

Simon, J. G. 1987. The tax treatment of nonprofit organizations: A review of federal and state policies. See Powell 1987, pp. 67-98.

Singh, J., Tucker, D., Meinhard, A. 1990. Institutional change and ecological dynamics. In The New Institutionalism in Organizational Theory, ed. W. W. Powell, P. J. DiMaggio. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. Forthcoming.

Smith, B. 1990. More than Altruism: The Politics of Private Foreign Aid. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.

Smith, B. L. R. ed. 1975. The New Political Economy: The Public Use of the Private Sector. New York: Wiley.

Stanfield, J. S. 1984. Philanthropy and Jim Crow in American Social Science. West-port: Greenwood.

Wievel, W., Hunter, A. 1985. The interorga-nizational network as a resource: A comparative case study on organizational genesis. Admin. Sci. Q. 30:482-96.

Wolch, J. R. 1990. The Shadow State: Government and the Voluntary Sector in Transition. New York: Foundation Ctr.

Zald, M. N. 1967. Urban differentiation, characteristics of boards of directors and organizational effectiveness. Am. J. Sociol. 13: 261-71.

Zolberg, V. L. 1986. Tensions of mission in American art museums. In Nonprofit Enterprise in the Arts: Studies in Mission and Constraint, ed. P. J. DiMaggio, pp. 184- 198. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.

Zucker, L. G., Така, P. L. 1987. Modeling institutional and task environment change: Period and cohort effects on innovation in hospital organizations, 1959-1979. Pap. pres. NSF/ASA conference on institutional theory, Center for Advanced Study in the Behav. Sci. Stanford, Calif.


Дата добавления: 2015-08-05; просмотров: 39 | Нарушение авторских прав


Читайте в этой же книге: International standards and the current national problems OF ngos (2 hours). | Partnership Mechanisms | FOREIGN EXPERIENCE AND THE BASICS OF THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF the CONSTITUTIONAL STAUS OF ngOs (2 hours). | Government and the Voluntary Sector in an Era of Retrenchment: The American Experience | The Rise of the Nonprofit Sector | Civil Society: Definitions and Descriptions. | Figure 1. Individual | Figure 7. Civil Society Star Symbol | INTRODUCTION | WHY ARE THERE NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS? |
<== предыдущая страница | следующая страница ==>
BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF NONPROFITNESS| CASE OF KORETSKYY AND OTHERS v. UKRAINE

mybiblioteka.su - 2015-2024 год. (0.014 сек.)