The essence of law.

If we are to understand the essence of law, we must comprehend the fact that both the state and law appeared with the emergence of private property, of the division of society into classes and of the exploitation of man by man. In order to safeguard and consolidate their positions, the ruling classes laid down the rules of behavior to be observed and fulfilled by all members of society.

It is emphasized that the essence of law, its origin cannot be understood if law is considered in isolation from economic and social conditions. It is society through the state that creates law, but law in its turn exercises influence on the socio-economic system. Law operates as an important factoring consolidating the exiting social relations and in some cases in promoting the establishment of new relations, whenever the necessary material conditions come into being. The more complex the economic mechanism of a society organized as a state, the stronger is the influence it exerts in many concrete directions.

In a developed state the sphere in which the law operates is quite extensive. It embraces all the spheres of production, distribution and exchange. Law fixes the forms of administration and the constitutional system, and determines the legal status of citizens and the activity of the state mechanism (state law, administrative law). It fixes the existing property relations and operates as a regulator of the measure and forms of distribution of labour and its products among the members of society (civil law, labour law). Finally, the law lays down the measures for combating encroachment on the state system, the existing order of social relations, together with the forms in which this is done (criminal law, procedural law, and corrective labour law).

Task 4. Translate the following word combinations:

to understand the essence of law; the emergence of private property; to safeguard and consolidate the position; to depend on the existing social relations; to promote the establishment of new relations; to exert influence; measures for combating encroachment; distribution of labour and its products.

Task 5. Find in the text the English for:

эксплуатация человека человеком; правила поведения; правящие классы; влиять на социально-экономическую систему; необходимые материальные условия; в развитом государстве; существующий порядок; гражданское право; уголовное право; административное право; процессуальное право; исправительно-трудовое право.

Task 6. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Чем лучше люди знают законы, тем меньше они их нарушают.

2. Нелегко понять сущность права.

3. Чтобы понять сущность права, мы должны понять тот факт, что государство и право появились с возникновением частной собственности.

4. Право нельзя рассматривать отдельно от социально-экономических условий.

5. В развитом государстве сфера действия права обширна.

6. Право определяет правовой статус граждан.

7. Правила поведения, выработанные правящим классом, соблюдаются и выполняются всеми членами общества.

Проблема современности – это проблема мира и войны.

Task 7. Answer the following questions:

1. When did law appear?

2. How was law created?

3. What role does the law play in the existing social relations?

4. In what spheres does the law operate in a developed state?

5. What spheres does the law embrace?

6. What does it fix?

7. How does the law help the state to combat criminal encroachments?

Task 8. Read and translate the text and explain the meaning of the terms ‘lobbyism’ and “lobbyist’.

(Often discussing Congress of the USA a third chamber is mentioned. The third chamber is a specific American phenomenon – lobbies).

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