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Sounds and transcription

Читайте также:
  1. A phrase or sentence built by (tiresome) repetition of the same words or sounds.
  2. About the organ sounds
  3. Choose the correct response out of two. If both responses are acceptable, choose the one that sounds more natural.
  4. In the exercises you study groups of words where are problems with sounds and word stress.
  5. Listen and repeat. Add the words from the dialogues and from the vocabulary to the appropriate sounds.
  6. Look at the picture of sounds that things make and complete the sentences with an appropriate sound word.
  7. Look up the following words in the dictionary. Write them in transcription. Practise reading the words.

The English and Ukrainian languages belong to different language families and differ much. Study, for example, the English rules of pronunciation and reading:

English sounds, both consonants and vowels, are pronounced distinctly, with a tension. It provides a rhythmical reading and a definite place of a stressed vowel in the mouth. The position of lips and a tongue is important. Also there is often no correlation in English between sounds and spelling. Study the example below:

ou’ can be pronounced in a number of different ways: cloud, pour, though, through, journey, enough, double, cousin etc.

1). Every vowel (6 of them) – a, e, i (y as a vowel ), o, u has at least two types of reading in a stressed position.

The 1st one is an alphabetic reading when the stressed syllable is open. Study the schemes:

- vowel + vowel (e.g. b e e, s e a, t e acher, p e ople, ind e ed, g o al, r o ad, d u e);

- vowel + consonant + vowel (e.g. pl a ne, t u be, r i ce – final “ e ” is not read)

The 2nd type: the stressed syllable is closed and the rules of reading are different in the schemes:- vowel + consonant (e.g. r a g, r i d, r e d, r o d, r u g);

- vowel +2(3) consonants + vowel (e.g. a pple, l e tter, l i ttle, imp o rtant.)

 

       
   
Note: The English language has been historically connected with different European languages. As a result, a number of synonyms is great (e.g. to begin, start, commence have the same translation – “починати”). Also it led to different rules of reading (e.g. English, are, give, never, have, every, friend, opinion etc.)
 
 

 

 


2). Every sound of a stressed vowel has its place in a mouth.

There are narrow (upper) and open (low) sounds (as in the words: m e n-m a n, p e n-p a n, b e d-b a d, tog et her-g a ther, r e d-r a bbit);

front, middle, back sounds (l a ke-l u ck-l o ck; cake-cut-caught);

short and long ones (d u ck-d a rk, mid-mead, pick-peek, pitch-peach, ship-sheep, rid-read, did-deed, this-these, hut-heart).

To differentiate the sounds or read words in the dictionary correctly we need to know transcription signs (signs of sounds).

 

Practice – English in use

Task: Read the words and sentences

 

1) Apple, book, cat, door, elephant, flag, gloves, horse, ill, jeep, key, lamp, moon, notes, orange, pencil, question, rain, star, telephone, umbrella, vase, watch, X-rays, yacht, zero.

 

2) Deb-Dent, set-ten, bed-ten, find-five, mash-mesh, settle-saddle, bet-bat, date-day; sad eyes, little bees, let’s see, a dark duck, young-youth, tea and lemon, hotels and hospitals, Adam and Eve, white-black, eating dinner, if you please, little Pete, green spring.

 

3) It is my cat. This is a fat black cat. Here is my fat cat on a mat. I like my fat cat that is lying on a mat. Look at my lovely black cat which is holding a fat rat! Uh! A fat black cat sat on a mat and ate a rat.


Help:


Transcription – транскрипція

Distinct – чіткий

Tension – напруга

Mind – мати на увазі

Vowel – голосна

Stressed syllable – ударний склад

Consonant – приголосна

Such – такий

According to – згідно

Memorize – запам’ятовувати

Mouth - рот

Narrow – вузький

Upper – верхній

Front – передній

Middle – середній

Back – задній

Sign – знак

Divide – ділити, розділяти

Attentive – уважний

Following – наступний


 

Grammar

2.1. Word order

We don’t think much about the word order in our native language. But we follow it in the English language.

The scheme of every English affirmative sentence is: subject + predicate.

e.g. I like jazz. He is busy. My friends and I walk in the park every Sunday.

 

Compare:
English Ukrainian
Some fruit treesgrow in our garden.   У нашому садочку ростуть фруктові дерева. Або: Ростуть фруктові дерева у нашому садочку. Або: Дерева фруктові ростуть у садочку нашому.

Vocabulary

The English language has the same parts of speech as the Ukrainian one. But the English verbs, nouns and adjectives don’t inflect. The right word order and the usage of prepositions help to understand the sence of any sentence.

Learn as many English words as possible and follow the correct word order. Then you will speak to foreigners and they will understand you.

 

 
 

 


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Читайте в этой же книге: A) Answer the following questions about yourself. | Auxiliary verbs and questions | Discover the world with us. | Use the vocabulary of the texts A, B, C and your own experience to write about your family. | Fill in the missing word | Study grammar references then revisions. | Pre-text work. Invitation to the conversation | Past Perfect Tense | B) An action which lasted for some time in the past and its result was also visible in the past. | Text B. Your University is Your Future. |
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